Serverless cloud computing offers backend as a service (BaaS) and function as a service (FaaS), as shown in Fig. These challenges have led to introduce another cloud computing model, which is called serverless cloud computing. In this case, the cloud user has to ensure that requests to the services are balanced to utilize all resources efficiently. Also, he/she has to consider distributing copies of the services geographically to protect them when disasters happen. For example, the cloud user has to ensure the availability of the services in which if a single machine failure occurs, it does not affect the whole services. The authors in have addressed several challenges while managing a cloud environment by a user such as availability, load balancing, auto-scaling, security, monitoring, etc. Managing cloud services is not an easy task at all. Finally, in the IaaS category, the cloud consumers control and manage services such as network access, servers, operating systems, and storage. ARTIFACTROY NPM SERVERLESS NOT FOUND SOFTWAREIn this kind of cloud, the developer is responsible for the deployment and management (settings and configurations) of their software to ensure that the application is running, while they do not control the services. The developers access these services to deploy, run, and manage their applications. Meanwhile, in the PaaS, cloud companies provide services such as network access, storage, servers, and operating systems to be purchased by developers. The user here only uses them without worrying about their settings, configurations, etc. In this type of cloud, the user is not responsible for the services development, deployment, and management. For example, Google provides many applications as a service (e.g., Gmail, Google docs, Google sheets, and Google forms). In the SaaS category, cloud providers offer different types of software as services to the users. In general, cloud computing is divided into three main categories based on the provision of services, which are software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS). Software developers have been using cloud technologies in their software solutions owing to their benefits including scalability, availability, and flexibility. Customers can access these cloud services via the Internet. Cloud computing emerged after the appearance of virtualization in software and hardware infrastructures hence cloud providers increasingly adopted it to offer their services to customers.
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